If you look at the desktop market, the majority of it is occupied by Windows, Mac OSX comes second and Linux takes the 3rd place. But if you look into it, you will realize that there is no such thing as Linux OS, but there are distributions based on the Linux kernel and there are literally thousands of these available for us to download and try!
What is the reason behind the existence of these many Linux distributions?
Are these just small variations or are these significantly different (like how significantly different Mac and Windows are)?
Won’t a general one be enough?
This article is all about answering these above questions. I have written this article keeping beginners to Linux in mind so that you can better understand the spirit behind Linux and the reason behind these many Linux distros more clearly!
So let’s begin!
Before the Beginning of the Linux Era
Before Linux, Windows and Mac came into existence, there was an operating system named Unix which was developed at Bell Labs in AT&T. (The same place where C Programming Language was developed!) But AT&T was not allowed to sell this Operating System as they were a huge company back then in the Telecom industry and the U.S government wanted to make sure a monopoly doesn’t form in the computing industry. So instead of selling Unix, AT&T decided to license its source code to Universities and other companies for a fee.
The Spirit Behind Linux
At that point in time, a group of young software professionals, who licensed this Unix operating system wanted to make some changes/improvements to Unix as they had the source code and they wanted everyone to benefit from it by distributing those improved versions of Unix. But the license prevented them from doing so, which they felt was unfair as all the work they put in is not going to have a good impact on the rest of mankind.
Also, there were other software at that time, which did not even let them look at the source code, as it was distributed as plain installable binaries (as most paid software is till today)
They then decided to form an organization called the “Free Software Foundation” with some simple rules to achieve their goal which is to make sure that the user of the software has control over what the software does on his/her computer and not the software maker.
To accomplish this goal they made 4 simple rules/guiding principles/freedoms
- the user decides what this software can be used for
- the source code will always be distributed with the software
- the user is free to give out copies of that software
- the user is free to make changes and give out those changes
By using these guiding principles, they wanted to make their own software to replace Unix and the GNU project was formed to make their own copy of the Unix operating system by writing all the code themselves.
GNU stands for GNU is not Unix, a recursive acronym.
All the software was ready but the kernel was getting delayed. The kernel is the core of the operating system which makes an interface for the software and the hardware.
Luckily for them, a Finnish student named “Linus Torvalds” was making a kernel as a hobby project. He contributed his code to the GNU project and thus GNU/Linux Operating System was born!
The Age of Distributions
The word Distro is short for Distribution, which was one of the first problems faced by the GNU/Linux operating system.
The team had all the source code and so if anyone wants a copy, then they have to download the source code and compile it all themselves, then link them together to make a working operating system, which seemed like a Herculean task for the beginners to the operating systems arena.
As a large majority of people who wanted to use this Free software (Free as in Freedom and not Free lunch!) were newbies, the software was prebuilt to compile on the famous processor architectures and was distributed as images so that the end-user can skip the hard steps of the compilation of source code and building the OS themselves.
They also made sure that the source code was available for download online so that the user’s freedoms are preserved.
Since the source code is open for everyone to see, large communities started evolving to bring together Operating Systems suited towards more specific needs/goals.
These “specific needs/goals” include, but not limited to the following.
- producing documents
- writing programs and creating software
- editing pictures, videos, audio and multimedia-production related works
- securing the operating system so that no one can hack into it or
- just browse the internet and consume media.
Say a community of people just wanted to browse the internet with their computers, then there is no point giving them the software to write programs in. Thus since every community’s needs and goals were different these communities started distributing built images of this operating system with all the essential tools installed.
Thus the age of Distros began!
The goals we saw above is not the only differentiating factor between distributions. Let’s go ahead and see some of the other factors at play in the next section.
Factors that Differentiate Distributions
Some of the factors that differentiate these distros include the following
- The goal of the distro (as we saw in the previous section)
- Target use-case (e.g. Servers vs General users)
- Business model (e.g. Community driven vs Commercial distros)
- Usage of free software vs proprietary software (as some hardware like network cards and graphics cards always only came with proprietary software)
- The package manager (used to install and uninstall software on the system)
- Ease of Use (beginners vs advanced users)
- Init system (sys init vs systemd)
- Stability (Rolling releases vs Standard releases)
- hardware architecture (x86, x64, ARM, etc.)
- Security (decides the level of anonymity)
- Resource constraints
- Aesthetics (how the desktop and related apps look like)
- Support (free and paid support)
- Release cycles and Long term support (for example Ubuntu’s Long Term Support version is 2 years, which means you get security updates till that point and after that, you need to upgrade to their latest versions)
The above list is not a comprehensive one. To keep it brief I have just mentioned the important factors. But as we know people’s needs/goals can be different due to numerous factors and that’s the reason behind the existence of so many Linux Distros.
If you haven’t already, you can go ahead to distrowatch.org to see a complete list of Linux distros, both active and deprecated.
If you are interested in learning more about Linux, be sure to check out our step by step plan to master Linux here.
And with that, I will conclude this article!
I hope you guys enjoyed this article and learned something useful.
If you liked the post, feel free to share this post with your friends and colleagues!
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